Homelessness1 essays

Homelessness1 expositions In our days we see increasingly more regularly individuals living in the road with no spot to live and went through the night, particularly in large urban communities, unbound and as a rule with no food. These individuals are destitute. First we need to discover the reasons that cause vagrancy. Many accept that vagrants have no family or somebody to think about them, or they lost their cash and their fortune for reasons unknown. Part of them the facts demonstrate that they dont have anybody to deal with them, and live out in the open homes going through the night there and get some food by unique cafés which the state accommodate them. Interestingly, occasion how they have recommendations to get some work they will not gain some cash and want to live in the lanes. A significant number of them they decided to be destitute while other the brought into the world from destitute guardians. The facts confirm that these individuals normally have low instructive back round and they dont truly care about getting a new line of work. Others are dependent on drugs and invest their energy by carrying out violations like took and selling drugs. Be that as it may, what it very well may be done to get an answer for those individuals? Right off the bat the state needs to give a great deal of spots to them where they can locate a safe spot to live, we bring to the table employments to them and allow them to get their own cash. We need to allow them to improve their proficiencies so they show signs of improvement employment and lifestyle. ... <!

Criminal Justice Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Bachelor - Essay Example 7. He held the wallet until he got back from school for lunch that evening. 8. At that time he gave the wallet to his dad, a white male matured 40. 9. The dad went to the casualty's loft at 2:50 p.m. furthermore, gave the wallet to the casualty's mom. 10. When the mother called the day care focus to illuminate her little girl about the wallet, she discovered that her girl had not showed up for work that morning. 11. The mother, the casualty's sister, and a neighbor started a hunt of the constructing and found the body. 12. The neighbor called the police. Police at the scene found no witnesses who saw the casualty after she left her loft that morning. Nobody heard any shouts. B. Forensic Examination 1. The clinical inspectors report was significant in deciding the reach out of the injuries, just as how the casualty was ambushed and whether proof of rape was available or missing. 2. No semen was noted in the vagina, yet semen was found on the body. 3. It showed up the killer stood straightforwardly over the person in question and masturbated. 4. There were noticeable chomp blemishes on the casualty's thighs and knee region. He remove her areolas with a blade after she was dead and composed on the body. 5. Cause of death was strangulation, first manual, at that point ligature, with the tie of her satchel. 6. There were no profound cut injuries. 7. The executioner utilized the casualty's belts to tie her correct arm and right leg however apparently had unfastened them so as to situate the body before he left. C. Evidence present that had a place with the guilty party 1. Umbrella, inkpen and a hair brush 2. Semen 3. Feces D. What proof was absent 1. Blunt power object the slaughtered the person in question 2. The Chi appeal and chain 3. Victims satchel E. Typology of the Crime. - 1....Focusing on the physical attributes of guilty parties, their criminal chronicles, and criminal motivations, Ferri (1917) distinguished five sorts ofcriminals: 3. Other scientists have created typologies and characterization systems that get from guilty parties' very own traits. For example, Sheldon (1949) characterized people as per their body physique-endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic. The major assumption hidden this methodology is that there is a solid association among physical make-up and personality, with mesomorphic body constructs connected with a higher probability of aggressive and criminal conduct. 5. Offender arrangements dependent on mental clutters and character qualities have been the pillar of clinical clinicians and specialists. From this point of view, criminal typologies have been related with the identification of single character qualities and gatherings of characteristics. Clinical names like imprudent, standoffish, hypochondriac, and maniacal, are frequently used to distinguish contrasts inside and between sorts of wrongdoers. 7. The wrongdoing's style is a solitary crime. The killer's goal was to slowly annihilate a debilitated Jewish young lady. He is one-sided against Jews because he ripped off the chi. And keeping in mind that he ripped off the chi, he had no desire to really contact the person in question.

The Relationship Between Sub-Prime Auto Loans and Rising Vehicle Repossession Rates

The Relationship Between Sub-Prime Auto Loans and Rising Vehicle Repossession Rates The Relationship Between Sub-Prime Auto Loans and Rising Vehicle Repossession Rates The Relationship Between Sub-Prime Auto Loans and Rising Vehicle Repossession RatesInside Subprime: Oct 30, 2018By Ben MooreEarlier this year, Business Insider stated that the subprime auto loan delinquency rate across the nation is worse than the financial crisis ten years ago.Motor vehicle repossession rates have risen across the United States despite the country’s economic growth spurt and decreasing unemployment rates. According to data from the California Department of Business Oversight, vehicle repossessions grew in the state by 21% in the year 2017 to 44,897 repossessions. In 2013 there were just 13,167 vehicle repossessions, comparatively.  During the recession, many people prioritized their car payments over their mortgages, reasoning that they could live out of their cars in a worst-case scenario. Mortgages went delinquent, but car payments remained on time, and vehicle repossession rates remained relatively low. As the years went by, more and more Americans began to uti lize subprime auto loans to secure vehicles which would allow them access to jobs that required transportation. (Subprime auto loans are often attractive to underbanked consumers who otherwise feel they have to rely on the secondary economy of payday loans and auto title loans.) However, missed payments associated with subprime auto loans can quickly result in vehicle repossession. Most vehicles attached to a subprime loan that enters delinquent status get repossessed after just three months of negligence. The growth in technology has also coincided with the rise in vehicle repossessions. Advanced camera technology has improved the ability to locate vehicles associated with delinquent loans, and some cars are even equipped with a mechanism that disables the car from starting if loan payments are late.In addition to these technologies, policies are being created that could have a growth effect on vehicle repossessions. The state of California has introduced a new bill, Assembly Bill 516, that will “require [vehicle] consumers to display temporary tags with prominent, easily scanned, expiration dates set to expire 90 days after purchase.” Consumers that fail to install their permanent plates after the temporary tags expire will be subject to being pulled over and having their vehicles impounded. Rosemary Shahan, founder of the Sacramento-based nonprofit, Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety, fears the bill will open the door for thousands of people to be wrongfully pulled over and potentially lose their cars. If the driver were to be an undocumented immigrant, that person could also face deportation. Those who risk altering the temporary tag could also be charged with felony and face possible imprisonment.However, subprime loans entering default status continue to represent the bulk of repossessions, with both drivers and loan providers being affected. Subprime loan providers tend to borrow from big banks in order to fund the loans they provide to their high-risk customers. When their customers’ payments go missing, they can be shut down. Several specialized subprime auto loan providers  filed for bankruptcy. Their customers struggled to make loan payments because they were burdened by double-digit interest rates. As more of these loans are being borrowed across the country, the vehicle repossession rate is expected to rise significantly. Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

The Philosophical Methodology of Geneaology - 1395 Words

The philosophical methodology of genealogy is not a holistic idea, but rather a perspectival type of history that aims to deconstruct the origins and deeper meanings of historical events. Fueled by Nietzsche’s sense of deconstruction, Foucault also sought to deconstruct all metaphysical ideas and disregard the belief of perpetual truths. His idea of genealogy operates under the assumption that the facts are to be interpreted as opposed to accepted, for facts can be created by the will to truth, or the need for truth at any price. This concept originally belonged to Nietzsche, borrowed and expanded on by Foucault. Foucault provides greater insight to genealogy thanks to the work of Nietzsche, applying the concept to rituals of power and focusing on genealogy as a method where Nietzsche did not. Nietzsche described genealogy as uncovering a metaphorical gray area of a past that is neither black nor white. Thus, this investigation of details leads to an interpretation that cannot be accepted as fact or fiction. Foucault made the distinction that the genealogist realizes that their interpretation is itself gray, fully understanding their place in history and having the ability to examine situations from afar instead of from within, demonstrating detachment. He knew that by refusing to believe in metaphysics, he could utilize genealogy as a history to trace the meaning of origins, or metaphysical truths, to find something different than the actual history. Nietzsche’s genealogy

Romeo and Juliet Love vs. Lust Essay - 1185 Words

True Love Mistaken for True Lust â€Å"An intense feeling of deep attraction.† That is the definition of love. Love between a man and a dog, a kid and ice-cream, a mother and her family, and love between two selfless people. This is true love. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, the feeling of attraction between the two main characters is not true love. The setting of this play is the streets of Verona, Italy, during a time when arranged marriages at the age of 14 were socially acceptable. Two young teens, Romeo and Juliet, were convinced that they had feelings for each other, but acted more out of lust than anything else. Lust is defined as â€Å"a very strong sexual desire†, and it becomes more apparent as the†¦show more content†¦Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief That thou, her maid, art far more fair than she. . . . The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars As daylight doth a lamp; her eye in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright That birds would sing and think it were not night. (II. ii. 2-6, 19-23) The previous passage was Romeo describing Juliet as beautiful as the sun, and professing his love for Juliet . At this point, Romeo is in the garden speaking to Juliet on the balcony. He refers to Juliet as the light of his world, and uses colorful imagery to describe her looks. This is one another example of the false love that exists. In addition to this quote, the narrator of the play describes Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"star-crossed lovers†. Another quote by Juliet describing Romeo in a sexual, lustful way is as follows; Hist! Romeo, hist!—Oh, for a falconer’s voice, To lure this tassel-gentle back again! Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud, Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies, And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine, With repetition of â€Å"My Romeo! (II. ii. 161-166) This lust-filled quote proclaimed by Juliet and intended for Romeo is yet another example of false love or love based on looks in their relationship. Lust is the same as false love, and so this quote can be used as a demonstration of both. Romeo again states his feelings for not Juliet but rather Juliet’sShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet894 Words   |  4 PagesStory Vs. Romeo Juliet â€Å"Oh Romeo Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo...?† These famous words are from the romantic classic, Romeo and Juliet, which has been the hard hitting piece that many novels, romantic comedies, dramas, and many more genres of art have adapted from. Though many of these adaptations fail to use the poetic aspect of the play, there are few who try and preserve the art of poetry. Nevertheless, West Side Story, a romantic movie is the perfect adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. West sideRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream-- Rationality vs. Irrationality Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagessimple: people find entertainment in watching others make fools out of themselves! Shakespeare was quite aware of this in his writing of Midsummer, with the characterization of Helena, the absurd quarreling between Oberon and Titania, and the foolish love of Hermia and Lysander. Before going any further, perhaps it is necessary to explain what it means to be â€Å"rational.† Merriam-Webster’s defines rational as â€Å"relating to, based on, or agreeable to reason.† Therefore, a rational person is a reasonableRead MoreHow Does Lust Grow? Lust Vs. Love Blueprint1926 Words   |  8 PagesHow Does Lust Grow? Lust vs. Love BLUEPRINT All human beings have emotional and physical needs. All human beings long to feel spiritually and emotionally fulfilled, and this happens by receiving attention from other people. Human beings also have physical and sexual cravings. This is a need – it is something that humans will search for, either consciously or subconsciously. All human beings want a home – a place to stay, and support in the form of money, because money fulfills a person’s basic needsRead MoreTar Baby And Brave New World Analysis2052 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature such as novels through the development of their character. An example of this can be shown in the two novels called â€Å"Tar Baby† and â€Å"Brave New World’. In the novel, â€Å"Tar Baby†, by Toni Morrison she uses allegory, symbolism, and theme nature vs civilization. To illustrate how the character Jadine in the novel is away from her native place, making her feel different. Whereas, in the novel, â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, who uses utopia, dystopia, symbolism, and the theme of identity toRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagesabout worn out carrying around with me† (FIU 67). Faulkner’s recorded interviews and conversations contain references to a number of Shakespeares works and characters, including Hamlet, Macbeth, Henry IV, Henry V, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Romeo and Juliet, the sonnets, Falstaff, Prince Hal, Lady Macbeth, Bottom, Ophelia, and Mercutio. In 1947 he told an Ole Miss English class that Shakespeare’s work provides â€Å"a casebook on mankind,† adding, â€Å"if a man has a great deal of talent he can use Shakespeare

William Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice - 988 Words

As I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desire to support his friend. As Antonio is desperate to help Bassanio in the name of love, he does not hesitate to ask he’s revile, â€Å"If thou wilt lead this money, lead it not as to thy friends†¦ but lend it rather to thine enemy, who if he break, thou mayst with better face extract the penalty† (1.3.129). Antonio being aware that Shylock is not a friend uses his unworthiness to give him the loan. As a result Shylock uses this opportunity to his advantage by implying the term of the transaction is not a big deal: If he should break his day, what sound I gain by the exaction of the forfeiture? A pound of man’s flesh, taken from a man, is not so estimable, profitable neither†¦I say, to buy his favor† (1.3.160). Shylock suggests that his request is a demonstration of a compassionate act, denying his true purpose of possible retaliation. The flesh has no financial value, however for Shylock this is a revenge against an individual who has done him wrong and his people in the past. In the endShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and only intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words   |  10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather p lots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice offers another unique perspective on crossdressing as it existed on the English Renaissance stage. Howard suggests that Portia’s crossdressing is â€Å"more disruptive than Violaâ€⠄¢s† (Howard, p. 433) because Portia herself was an unruly woman to begin with. Portia has become the master of her own destiny with the passing of her father, for she is referred to as the Lord of Belmont now that no man exists to fill such a role. What remains of the patriarchal authority, particularly

Energy Sector of Pakistan free essay sample

Pakistan realising the importance, is making concerted efforts to speedup the development of energy resources so as it may effectively contribute to the nations economic growth and well-being. The four major components of government’s strategy for energy sector development include:- a. Increasing energy supplies to meet the growing demand. . Expanding and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure. c. Increasing end use energy efficiency. d. Maximum indigenization. 2. Energy Needs of Pakistan a. Present Energy Needs Vis-a-vis its Supply in Pakistan. Pakistans economy is undergoing significant changes since 1998-99; the improvements made in the macroeconomic indicators are, in particular, noteworthy. The real GDP increased from 5. 1 per cent in 2002-03 to 6. 4 per cent in 2003-04 and was 8. 5 per cent for the fiscal year 2004-05. The projected growth rate for the next five years is estimated to be 7-8 per cent . One can assume that without significant expansion in the economic activity in the country, this growth rate will be difficult to sustain for the next five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Sector of Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With expansion in economy the demand in energy will also increase. Government of Pakistans Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) projects the growth in the demand of electricity, petroleum products, natural gas, and coal at an average annual rate of 8. 4%, 4. 3%, 7. 6%, 18. 9% respectively . Although, both the demand and supply of energy has been increasing for the last decade and a half, the per capita consumption of energy in Pakistan remains low. As compared to their counterparts in Malaysia and China – where per capita consumption of energy stands at 92 MBTU and 34MBTU, respectively – the per capita consumption in Pakistan is 14 MBTU. Figures 1 and 2 show an upward trend in the supply and per capita availability of energy in tonnes equivalent of energy (TOE) in Pakistan since 1990. Figure 1:Energy supply (million TOE) Source Economic Server 2004-05 Figure 2:Per Capita Availability in TOE 3. Energy Resources. At present, the energy sector in Pakistan consists of the following:- a. Power. b. Gas. c. Oil. d. Coal. 4. Pakistans total primary energy supply in tonnes equivalent of oil (TOE) in the fiscal year 2003-04 stood at 50. 8 million TOE. The primary energy supply has seen a constant increase since 2001. It increased by 4. 4 per cent from 2001-02 to 2002-03 and by another 8 per cent from 2002-03 to 2003-04. Figure 3 shows the share of different energy resources in the primary energy mix supplies. The patterns of energy consumption have also registered an upward trend. 5. Structure of Power Sector in Pakistan. Only about half of 140. 5 million people in Pakistan have access to electricity. The growing pace of urbanization and industrialization also increases the demand for electricity. To meet power requirements of Pakistan, reform of the power sector through restructuring and deregulation is high on the agenda of the Government of Pakistan, which is committed to pursuing a far-reaching reform program for the power sector and to help meet the countrys future power needs. Implementation of the envisaged program will bring about a gradual transition of the power system from integrated, state-owned utilities to a decentralized system with separate generation, transmission and distribution entities, having substantial private ownership and management, reflecting and encouraging a commercial and competitive operating environment. 6. Pakistan has two vertically integrated public sector power utilities i. e Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC). WAPDA supplies power to all of Pakistan, except the metropolitan city of Karachi, which is supplied by KESC. The systems of WAPDA and KESC are interconnected through 220 kV double circuit transmission line. Out of a total generation capacity of about 17,664 MW in the country, 9,949 MW is owned by WAPDA, 1,756 MW by KESC, 437 MW by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and 5,522 MW by independent power producers (IPPs). a. Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). WAPDA was established in 1958 and entrusted with a massive agenda, which included generation, transmission and distribution of power along with irrigation, water supply, drainage, flood control, etc. It owns about 54 percent of the countrys total power generation capacity, serves 88 percent of all electricity customers in Pakistan and has been, until of late, the principal power generation, transmission and supply organization in the country. It has a customer base of over 10 million. The privatization of WAPDA is underway. WAPDAs distribution network has been divided into eight electric supply companies, which are successors of former Area Electricity Boards (AEBs). The AEBs were departments within WAPDA to administer the supply and distribution, construction, expansion, maintenance and operation of the distribution system. The newly incorporated electric supply companies have been structured in line with modern management practices. WAPDAs thermal power generation facilities have been restructured and incorporated to form three-generation companies (GENCOs). In addition, a National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) have been incorporated to perform transmission and dispatch functions. b. Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC). KESC was incorporated in 1913 and is responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Karachi and its adjoining areas. It has a customer base of 1. 5 million predominantly urban consumers. Privatization of KESC is underway, and KESC is planned to be divested as a vertically integrated utility through sale of its equity interest to a strategic buyer who will also be given control over its management. 7. Energy Consumption Patterns. According to the latest economic survey, in the past 14 years – from 1990-99 to 2003-04 – the consumption of petroleum products, natural gas, electricity and coal increased by an annual average rate of 2. 5%, 4. 9%, 5. 1% and 5. 2%, respectively. However, one major change in consumption patter has been registered in the consumption of oil. The use of oil has reduced since 2001, particularly in the cement industry and power generation, because the cement industry has shifted to natural gas and the power generation sector is also increasingly using gas. Similarly, the consumption of various petroleum products in household and agriculture registered marked decline of 16. 2 and 16. 8 per cent, respectively. This is primarily because of the availability of cheaper fuels like LPG and natural gas. However, the consumption of petroleum products has increased in transportation, industrial and other government sectors. In the last 14 years, the transport sector saw the largest use of petroleum products with a share of 48. 7 per cent. The share of power sector, industry, households, other government sectors and agriculture stood at 31%, 12. 1%, 3. 8%, 2. 5% and 1. 5%, respectively. The sector wise consumption is given in Table 1. Table 1: Sector wise natural gas consumption from 1990-2004 SectorNatural Gas Consumption Power sector35. 4% Fertilizer23. 4% Industrial18. 9% Household17. % Commercial2. 8% Cement1. 5% 8. The consumption of natural gas in the cement sector in the first nine months of fiscal year 2004-05 registered a 100 per cent increase. Similarly, for the same time period the consumption for industrial, power, commercial and household sectors jumped up by 15. 5%, 12. 3%, 10. 5%, 3. 8%, respectively. In electricity consumption, the household sector has always been the largest consumer with a share of 41. 4 per cent. The share for industrial, agricultural, other government sectors and commercial consumers for the same time period (1990-04) has been 31. %, 14. 1%, 7% and 6%, respectively. Figure 4 shows the sector wise shares of electricity consumption for the period 2004-05. 9. Future Energy Forecasts. According to the 2004-05 Economic Survey of Pakistan, the double digit growth in the large scale manufacturing sector has resulted in an increase in demand of electric power in some industrial sectors. The survey also projects that demand in electricity will grow at an average yearly ra te of 7. 9 per cent from 2005 to 2010. The table below summarises the sector wise power demand till the year 2010. Table 2: Sector Wise Power Demand (2005-10) YearDomesticCommercialAgricultureIndustrialOtherTotal 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-107,199 7,585 8,127 8,783 9,5311,216 1,251 1,312 1,354 1,4081,763 1,820 1,893 1,979 2,0795,891 6,481 7,252 8,181 9,2671,035 1,086 1,159 1,243 1,341 15,500 16,600 17,900 19,600 21,500 10. The recently approved 25 year ‘Energy Security Action Plan (ESAP)’ aims to increase Pakistans reliance on indigenous fuels. Before that the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) outlined similar measures. The paper aims to significantly improve Pakistans energy mix. It envisages a hydel-thermal ratio of 39:61 from an existing ratio of around 28:72. The ESAP also envisages significantly reducing reliance on oil while increasing reliance on coal. Table 3 shows the energy mix plan for the next 25 years as proposed in ESAP. Table 3: Energy Mix Plan (MTOE) Energy Mix Plan Projections CurrentShort TermMedium TermLong Term 200420102015202020252030 Total (MTOE)50. 579. 39120. 18177. 35255. 37361. 31 Oil15. 230. 0%20. 6926. 0%32. 5127. 0%45. 4725. 7%57. 922. 7%66. 8418. % Natural Gas4550. 0%38. 9949. 0%52. 9844. 0%77. 8544. 0%11545. 0%162. 645. 0% Coal3. 36. 5%7. 169. 0%14. 4512. 0%24. 7714. 0%38. 315. 0%68. 6519. 0% Hydro6. 4312. 7%11. 0313. 9%16. 413. 6%21. 4412. 1%30. 512. 0%38. 9310. 8% Renewable00. 0%0. 841. 1%1. 61. 3%37%5. 582. 2%9. 22. 5% Nuclear0. 420. 8%0. 690. 9%2. 231. 9%4. 812. 7%8. 243. 2%15. 114. 2% 11. In order to achieve these targets, the Government is actively pursuing the e xtraction and commercialisation of vast Thar coal reserves. The Thar coal reserves are estimated to be at 185 billion short tonnes. It is estimated that with these reserves Pakistan can generate 100000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years . In order to achieve the new targets, the Government of Sindh has signed MOU for a 600 MW Thar coal power project with a Chinese company. Another MOU has been signed with an Australian firm for a 1200 MW project at Thar that will utilise the new technology of ‘Underground Coal Gasification’ . 12. Government’s Power Generation Policy 2002. To meet the increasing energy needs, Government of Pakistan has adopted the ‘Power Policy 2002’ to achieve the following objectives:- a. To provide sufficient capacity for power generation at the least cost, and to avoid capacity shortfalls. b. To encourage and ensure exploitation of indigenous resources, which include renewable energy resources, human resources, participation of local engineering and manufacturing capabilities. c. To ensure that all stakeholders are looked after in the process, i. e. a win-win situation for all. d. To be attuned to safeguarding the environment. For the first time in Pakistan, Government of Pakistan has significantly reflected the renewable power generation options in the 2002 power policy. 3. Important Features of Policy. The main features of the current power policy are discussed below:- a. The basis for selection of the successful bidder in each case will be the minimum levelized tariff, either through International Competitive Bidding (ICB) for solicited proposals or through negotiations/ICB for proposals on raw sites, i. e. locations whereof no feasibility study has been initiate d. Variable tariffs over the life of the project will be permitted under the terms specified in the Request for Proposals (RFP). The process of selection will involve pre-qualification, issuance of the RFP and bidding and evaluation in accordance with the bid criteria clearly laid down in the RFP. b. It is recognized that without a proper feasibility study for a particular site-specific hydel or indigenous fuel-based/renewable resource-based project, it will not be possible to invite competitive bids and receive firm offers. Thus detailed feasibility studies for such projects will be carried out by the public/private sector before bids are invited and the Letter of Support (LOS) issued. The feasibility study may be conducted by the private sector only on raw sites, provided the proposal for the project on raw site has been reviewed/accepted and a Letter of Interest (LOI) issued after submission of the required bank guarantee. c. Hydel projects in the private sector will be implemented on Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) basis. Thermal projects in the private sector, however, will be established either on BOOT or Build-Own-Operate (BOO) basis. Decision in the matter would be made on a case-to-case basis. The projects based on BOOT shall be transferred at the end of concession period to Government of Pakistan. . Competitive tariffs will comprise an Energy Purchase Price (EPP) and a Capacity Purchase Price (CPP) with adequate provision for escalation. The CPP in case of hydel projects will be approximately 60% to 66% of the levelized tariff, because of the relatively low EPP. e. The Government of Pakistan will guarantee that the terms and conditions of executed agreements, i. e. , the Implementation Agreement (IA), Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA)/Gas Supply Agreement (GSA), and Water Use License (WUL), including payment terms, are maintained during the term of the agreements. Power companies will be allowed to import plant and equipment not manufactured locally (for hydel and thermal projects including projects based upon renewable resources) at concessionary rates. Companies will also be completely exempted from the payment of income tax, including turnover tax, and withholding tax on imports. However, there will be no exemption from payment of these taxes on oil-fired power projects. g. To promote indigenization, the local engineering industry will be encouraged to form joint ventures with foreign companies in order to develop power projects with a cumulative capacity of at least 2000 MW by the year 2015.