Are there Frank Lloyd Wright Homes in New Hampshire

You dont have to go to Chicago to see the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Plenty of people in the Northeast have works by Americas most famous architect right in their backyard. The Zimmerman House Guided tours of this classic Usonian style house by Frank Lloyd Wright depart by shuttle van from the Currier Museum of Art. Tours are limited to 12 people, so youll need to make reservations in advance. The house is closed during the winter months. If you miss the tour, you can still drive by and see the outside of the Zimmerman House. Simply follow Union Street north from downtown Manchester. The Zimmerman House is located at 223 Heather Street, which is on the corner of Union and Heather streets. Learn more about the Zimmerman HouseLearn more about Zimmerman House tours The Kalil House The Toufic H. Kalil house by Frank Lloyd Wright is privately owned. No tours are available. If you choose to drive by, please be mindful of the privacy of the current residents. The Kalil house is located on 117 Heather Street, just a stroll from the Zimmerman house. If you take the Zimmerman house shuttle bus tour, your guide will point out the Kalil house as you pass. Where To Stay The Ash Street Inn on 118 Ash Street is perhaps the most comfortable and the most interesting lodging in Manchester, New Hampshire. The owners removed the old asbestos shingle siding to restore the elegant Queen Anne style house. During your stay, take special note of the stained glass windows and elaborate fireplace mantels. Be sure to ask about History/Architecture Weekend Getaway packages when you make your reservation. Learn more about the Ash Street Inn More New Hampshire Attractions The Manor on Golden PondNew Hampshire Travel GuideNew Hampshire Official Site

Interviewing A Human Resource Manager Essay - 801 Words

Interviewing a Human Resource Manager I chose to interview Randy Bedsaul. He is an older gentleman who responds in a genuine manner. Since he works in my maintenance shop and I interact with him on a daily basis it was easy to ask him to do this interview. He responded quickly to my request and even stayed after work one day to help me out. To say I was thrilled would be an understatement. I really appreciate individuals who are willing to go the extra mile to help others in regards to personal/professional growth. These type of individuals are not threatened by others which makes them excellent supervisors in my opinion. Randy Bedsaul is a General Maintenance Supervisor at the Logistics Readiness Center located on Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. He currently supervises an average of 18 employees from various workshops on a daily basis. The various workshops include: electronic, furniture, weapons, textile, welding, machine and body shops. Occasionally he fills in for the other supervisor who is in charge of the administrative staff and heavy shop. Rarely, when the Maintenance Chief is out of the office Randy Bedsaul and Lloyd Allen, the other supervisor, temporarily step into his role. In regards to his position Randy stated that â€Å"Supervising is a lot like babysitting but for older people and it can be very draining.†. I laughed and nodded at his statement because I have witnessed him in action. One can perceive his attitude as someone who is easy to approach and get alongShow MoreRelatedHsa 530 Health Services Human Resource1250 Words   |  5 PagesHSA 530 Health Services Human Resource Purchase here http://homeworkonestop.com/HSA%20530/hsa-530-health-services-human-resource Product Description Assignment 2: Human Resources Policies and Procedures Due Week 7 and worth 320 points Continuing with the scenario from Assignment 1, imagine that you have been hired as the Manager of Human Resources for the acute care hospital. Your first task is to create a set of policies and procedures to ensure that the organization’s HRM processesRead MoreAll Manager Are Human Resource Managers938 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"All managers are Human Resource (HR) manager† If I want to give any comments about this at first I have to give the answer whether it is true or false? Whenever we will go for answering this question we may not able to give it straightly. We have to study it and then after a certain period we must able to give the answer whether it is true or false. So for answering this question I have analyzed it and afterward I have reached a decision and my decision is that the statement is totally true.Read MoreA Report On The Maumee Location Of Maritzcx1550 Words   |  7 Pagescenter departments. The Human Resources Interns and Human Resources Assistant work under the Human Resources Manager at the Maumee location and collaborate closely with the full-time supervisory staff in the call center. 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HR is considered a critical force in enabling the organization to leverage its talents to the maximum degree. As businesses grow more service-oriented in todays competitive economy, HR departments are consideredRead MoreEssay about White Feather Corporation’s College Recruitment Program1654 Words   |  7 PagesProgram White Feather Corporation (WFC) is a consumer products company that employs approximately 3,400 that has developed a college recruitment strategy. WFC human resources (HR) department determined that there was a need for 40 new college graduate hires. Marianne Collins a ten year employee of WFC was promoted to the human resources department and tasked with beginning the new college graduate recruitment effort. The first year that recruiting efforts were completed on campuses, resulted inRead MoreEmployee Testing And Selection Practices Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resources Management is important to every organization to provide good staff to company. In organisation cannot build a good team of working professionals without good human process. The key function of human resource management team include recruiting people, training them, performance appraisal, motivating employees as well as workplace communication, workplace safety and much more. HR department will decide to retain and recruit staff for the requirements of the organization. Human resourceRead MoreBest Hrm Practices795 Words   |  4 PagesGood Practice in Human Resource Management HRM - Transcript 1. Good Practice in Human Resource Management (HRM) Based on an interview with Graham Walton, Library Service Development Manager at Loughborough University ExFiles FOLIO Course – January 2007 2. Graham’s Current Role Graham is the Library Service Development Manager at Loughborough University. He is responsible for overseeing the quality /evaluation of library services, marketing and publicity, developing new services, training staffRead MoreThe Human Resource Management System1234 Words   |  5 Pagesmain functions of the human resource management system Recruitment and selection are two critical functions of human resource management. Taking into consideration both the capacities the recruitment process goes before the selection capacity. These functions form is basically the core fundamental that engulf the human resource management and includes that of talent acquisition and training and development and even rewards for the employees. For a human resource manager, it’s an important aspect

Shakespeare intended the audience Essay Example For Students

Shakespeare intended the audience Essay Do you believe that Shakespeare intended the audience to share Prosperos view of Caliban?  I feel that through out the Tempest Caliban is portrayed as a dislikeable creature. However I personally think that the audience is supposed to learn to love him by the end as slowly we are told of all his good points.  In the Tempest we meet many characters, the first on the island being Prospero. Before Prospero we meet characters like Boatswain and Master, as well as Antonio. We are not sure at the start whether we like them or not as we havent been with them for a very long time. However as soon as we meet Prospero we are told the story of his past and sympathise with him. We also start to trust him, as we all believe beyond question his story of his and Mirandas flight to the island. This principle is aided by the way Miranda believes everything without a doubt and as she is attractive our immediate thought is to trust her. This is our first instance showing just how important appearances actually are. From all this we start to abhor Antonio and all the others Prospero mentions except Gonzalo as he is described as A noble Neapolitan. So after the first two scenes we all ready have complete trust in Prospero, so therefore when we hear him describe another character like this: Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself  Upon thy wicked dam, come forth. (I, ii, 319,320)  This strong description of someone obviously disliked by a man we all trust makes us dislike him too. We are also alarmed when we first see Caliban as he is a monster and is not a nice thing to look at. This triggers the same prejudice as the one triggered with Miranda but it works in reverse, due to Calibans appearance we dislike him, even though we know nothing about him. Shakespeare probably used this technique as at that time in history people were judged by their appearance and treated well or badly depending on this. Shakespeare may have also used this as it brought in some current issues of the time. As the play goes on we learn a big fault of Calibans. We realise that before the play he decided to rape Miranda, however he was unsuccessful. Caliban admits this by quoting:  O ho, O ho, wouldt be done!  Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled else  This isle with Calibans. (I, ii, 349-351)  This gives Prospero and us what seems on the surface a good reason to loathe Caliban. However when you look in to this fact in more detail you realise that it is actually natural for any animal to do this, even though it may seem unacceptable by human standards. This way that we judge Caliban is unfair as he is not human and neither was his parentage. His mother was an outcast witch so you could argue that he doesnt know any better, however you could also say the opposite as in the play Caliban says You taught me language. From this you can easily and convincingly say that if Caliban can learn a language; which is hard to do, he can learn what is right and what is wrong. From this the nature/nurture argument can really start. I personally feel that if you spend a long time in life doing what is natural (like Caliban did) you can never really be judged by human standards even if someone human has nurtured you. Therefore personally I dont think that this rape makes Caliban a bad being as he did what was natural to him and he didnt understand the consequences. He probably felt that he had the right to do this as when Prospero and Miranda came to the island Caliban showed them where all the food, drink and shelter was. He worshipped them and helped them to settle in to island life. .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .postImageUrl , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:hover , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:visited , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:active { border:0!important; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:active , .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83 .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cd27f3b078f7e0418a5f560a218cb83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth: Trace the progress of Lady Macbeth from Fiend-like Queen to a pathetic suicide EssayThou strokst me and made much of me; wouldst thou give me  Water with berries int; and teach me how  To name the bigger light, and how the less,  That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee,  And showed thee all the qualities o th isle,  The fresh springs, the brine pits, barren place and fertile;  (I, ii, 333-348)  This speech proves what Caliban did for Prospero and makes me think that Prospero may have died without Calibans help and therefore Caliban must have some kindness in him. However Caliban makes his mistake now. This is that he raped Miranda, but as h e helped Prospero could have thought that he had the right to own some of Prosperos property, and in the time that the play was written in, women were the property of their fathers and then husbands.

The Worlds Greatest Gandus Essays - Indian Films, Films, Gandu

The World's Greatest Gandu's dear readers the essay i am writing about is that the world's greatest gandu's history. the gandu's lies in almost every part of the world and u can find gandu mostly of indian race the world gandu is basically from the the language hindi and urdu means a big There are lots of gandu's in the world. the young people are mostly called gandu and they really deserve beacuse of their irrelevent attitude and the other person suppose to call them gandu. as i can give u example of some biggest gandu's i have seen in the world in which the top rank gandu is the zardari gandu and i think he should deserve the first rank in gandu because the things he used to do i.e ....girls and lot of other stuff like that. some people also used to called gandu because of their harami pun (in urdu) the other gandu i seen is the fahd gandu he is the second greatest gandu of the world i gave him the name gandu because of his sick attitude. the third greatest gandu is the sajid mota gandu who struggle alot to become a gandu before that he was the person of good attitude and he used to be called a good boy in his hometown and school. as he became to become mota and going out of his home he became the gandu person and started doing ganduism in his school with his friends he start. as he got worst in ganduism his friend used to call him gandu and his name become lalli gandu. this name proposed by one of his good friend who always told him not to do the ganduism and always be at distance from it but lalli ganu didn't understand that. Bibliography the world book of gandu's 2000-2001 copy right Supernatural Issues

My Favorite Hobby Is Writing free essay sample

My love of writing began in elementary school. English classes were great, but creative writing assignments made them better! I was more content with creative writing, rather than learning basic grammar rules. As I grew older, I didnt write much. It seems like I lost interest temporarily. All of that changed when I lost my grandfather in seventh grade, only to have my friend move after eighth. It was then I began writing again. Poetry was my friend. I wrote poems to help cope with emotional overload.I would like to write short stories. I have been unsuccessful at my attempts. This will not stop my efforts to do so. Ill just have to keep on trying. Im still writing creatively thirteen years later (in 2004). Although I havent many writings, I hope to have a professional writing career in the future. You never know, I might become famous one day. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favorite Hobby Is Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Im working at it! I cant imagine my life without writing. When I write, I lose myself. The world could knock on my door, and I would be deaf to the thunderous banging’s.In a world where its not hard to get hurt, writing is a comforting arm across my shoulder. I never knew Id come to love writing as much as I do. Writing is like a best friend. Friends that will never turn his/her back on me in troublesome times. My writing comforts me when Im upset, ; excites me when I think about certain people whom I cherish. When I get bad reviews or ratings? Its easy to sit cry. I may be disappointed, but not beaten. It just makes me want to write more. I know Im not the most perfect writer, and no one ever is. It takes time, but its worth the trials triumphs. I can write just as good as the next. Writing is my gift. The gift I received from the Divine Mother Father. I almost lost it, but they encouraged me to keep going. Once again, my passion for writing has overwhelmed my life. I do not regret it either. Im thankful that my Lord and Lady gave me another chance at writing. My gift is one I can honestly say Im proud of.

A Beginners Guide to Statistics

A Beginners Guide to Statistics How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone travel today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home? To make sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary. The mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information overload. Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire, organize, and analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of statistics are applied to a multitude of other areas of knowledge. Below is an introduction to some of the main topics throughout statistics. Populations and Samples One of the recurring themes of statistics is that we are able to say something about a large group based on the study of a relatively small portion of that group. The group as a whole is known as the population. The portion of the group that we study is the sample. As an example of this, suppose we wanted to know the average height of people living in the United States. We could try to measure over 300 million people, but this would be infeasible. It would be a logistical nightmare conduct the measurements in such a way that no one was missed and no one was counted twice. Due to the impossible nature of measuring everyone in the United States, we could instead use statistics. Rather than finding the heights of everyone in the population, we take a statistical sample of a few thousand. If we have sampled the population correctly, then the average height of the sample will be very close to the average height of the population. Acquiring Data To draw good conclusions, we need good data to work with. The way that we sample a population to obtain this data should always be scrutinized. Which kind of sample we use depends on what question we’re asking about the population. The most commonly used samples are: Simple RandomStratifiedClustered It’s equally important to know how the measurement of the sample is conducted. To go back to the above example, how do we acquire the heights of those in our sample? Do we let people report their own height on a questionnaire?Do several researchers throughout the country measure different people and report their results?Does a single researcher measure everyone in the sample with the same tape measure? Each of these ways of obtaining the data has its advantages and drawbacks. Anyone using the data from this study would want to know how it was obtained. Organizing the Data Sometimes there is a multitude of data, and we can literally get lost in all of the details. It’s hard to see the forest for the trees. That’s why it’s important to keep our data well organized. Careful organization and graphical displays of the data help us to spot patterns and trends before we actually do any calculations. Since the way that we graphically present our data depends upon a variety of factors. Common graphs are: Pie charts or circle graphsBar or pareto graphsScatterplotsTime plotsStem and leaf plotsBox and whisker graphs In addition to these well-known graphs, there are others that are used in specialized situations. Descriptive Statistics One way to analyze data is called descriptive statistics. Here the goal is to calculate quantities that describe our data. Numbers called the mean, median and mode are all used to indicate the average or center of the data. The range and standard deviation are used to say how spread out the data is. More complicated techniques, such as correlation and regression describe data that is paired. Inferential Statistics When we begin with a sample and then try to infer something about the population, we are using inferential statistics. In working with this area of statistics, the topic of hypothesis testing arises. Here we see the scientific nature of the subject of statistics, as we state a hypothesis, then use statistical tools with our sample to determine the likelihood that we need to reject the hypothesis or not. This explanation is really just scratching the surface of this very useful part of statistics. Applications of Statistics It is no exaggeration to say that the tools of statistics are used by nearly every field of scientific research. Here are a few areas that rely heavily on statistics: PsychologyEconomicsMedicineAdvertisingDemography The Foundations of Statistics Although some think of statistics as a branch of mathematics, it is better to think of it as a discipline that is founded upon mathematics. Specifically, statistics is built up from the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to determine how likely an event is to occur. It also gives us a way to talk about randomness. This is key to statistics because the typical sample needs to be randomly selected from the population. Probability was first studied in the 1700s by mathematicians such as Pascal and Fermat. The 1700s also marked the beginning of statistics. Statistics continued to grow from its probability roots and really took off in the 1800s. Today, it’s theoretical scope continues to be enlarged in what is known as mathematical statistics.

LexisNexis Legal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LexisNexis Legal - Research Paper Example By definition, a statement of limitation refers to the enactment that exists in the legal system of common law, which puts a limit on the maximum time, that a person may seek legal proceedings after an event occurs that warrants the start of the legal proceedings. There are reasons why the statements of limitation are put in place. Among them, is that evidence may be corrupted if so much time passes by before the legal proceedings begins or are started. The section that follows in this report summarizes the statutes of limitations for the different states in which the bulk of the clients do business. The State of Michigan Personal Injury The statute of limitation against the cause of action on the grounds of personal injury can best be understood through the case laws covered in the state of Michigan. Personal injury actions must be within the first three years from the time the injury happened. If this is not pursued in time, the case may be invalid from thence onwards. The time pro vide for the limitation of action based on â€Å"injuries to a person or to property,† applies generally, to acts of negligence, financial loss claims, and the recovery of payments from third parties because of the personal injury. In addition, it applies due to the denial of a person’s civil rights given by the state, or by the federal government law, the invasion of privacy, and many more. When there is, an action for recovering of the damages incurred to the property and to the person, this three-year period of limitation applies. This is regardless of whether recovery of compensation for the damages experienced is sought in assumpsit or in tort, if the circumstances come up from a negligent action that constitutes a breach of express or implied contract. An action for injury to a person or to property has to be brought inside three years and not six years, so long as it is not a breach of an express promise 29 M.L.P. 2d STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS  § 18. Breach of Con tract The statute of limitation on the cause of a breach of contract legal proceedings is six years in the state of Michigan. This is the amount of time limitation applied to contract actions. Under this statute of limitation, a claim that is based an express provision provided by a contract between two or more parties, rather than one implied by law, has to be subjected to the limitations period of six years applied to all contract actions. On the other hand, the breach of an obligation, which the law implies on the part of one of the parties to a contract, which is owed to the other, falls under a tort, and is subject to the statute of limitations for torts, which has a limit period of three years. However, this statement of limitation does not cover fraudulent misrepresentations to the existence of a contract 29 M.L.P. 2d STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS  § 22. The case of Case v. Goren, 43 Mich. App. 673, 204 N.W.2d 767 (1972), is the perfect example of how this works. Conversion A caus e of action for a conversion accrues on, and limitations start to run on or after, the day of the conversion. The time limitation period for conversions is three years. This happens when authority is wrongfully acquired by a person over the other person’s personal property. Wisconsin State Personal Injury In the state of Wisconsin, actions to recover the damages that result from the injuries to

Jewish text Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jewish text - Coursework Example This story reflects how Judaism responds to disability with respect to the influence of the overall view by the community. In Jewish societies the collective public, apparently, possesses the power to classify the position or status of an individual with disability. Since the resulting behavior is believed to have no strings attached to any law or decree found in Judaism, then, Rabbis like Simeon are unconsciously liberated to act as such according to the overly scrupulous nature of Jewish community which the rabbi himself occurs to have not fully overcome despite length of dutiful studies with the ‘Torah’. (2) Why was it important in the Talmud to have physical descriptions of the Rabbis? Bearing the central text of conventional Judaism which highly accounts for rabbinic discourse of Jewish law, philosophy, and ethics comprising the heart of its religious customs, the ‘Talmud’ necessitates how the rabbinic substance is translated from principle at thought a nd study into actualization.

Video game console Essay Example for Free

Video game console Essay Abstract The video games industry has been through a total transformation in recent years. We can easily find in the market a wide range of video games, such as computer games (PC), console games or even interactive games with various contents. Video games industry had its annual revenue growth rate of 9. 1% ranking itself as the 3rd fastest growing segment of the Entertainment and Media market (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2007). Especially, within the industry home video game consoles played an important part in contributing to the national economy. Besides talking about the benefits of playing video games, some critics also criticized the bad effects which video games had caused to each of individual person and to the entire society. Do video games take responsibility of all the problems involved in interacting with the computers? The intention of this report is to represent, analyze, and critically evaluate this dynamic global industry based on its benefits and drawbacks from a scientific perspective. Video Games The history of video games development is a long and intricate story. Up to now, games industry has been climbing to its peak and becoming one of the biggest commercial field. Besides, video games are becoming common entertainment. Therefore, video games importance in economy and lives is undeniable. Nonetheless, the answers for the controversies whether video games impose consummate or dreadful impact on people, especially children, have not shown up yet for a long time. However, playing video games is a two-sided affair. No one can tell if it is good or bad. If played at an appropriate time and in an acceptable period, video games are such beneficial tools. Otherwise, they can become the sharpest knife shorting your time and limiting many abilities. History of video games Video games were developed long time ago by an engineer worked in the US military. The first game had it function with a simple game engine, the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology. In 1950s, video games were created some were created, giving people a way to entertain. Tennis for Two was the pioneer in the sport game segment. The game contained a tennis ball† bounces off a horizontal line at the bottom of a oscilloscope screen, with a vertical line in the center of the screen representing a tennis net (BMI Gaming, 2002). Players controlled the game with a small handheld metal box equipped with a dial and a push button. It was important in the history of video games as being one of the first electronic games to use a graphical display. In the second generation 1970s, game industry was then strongly developed with the exist of famous games such as Odyssey, the world’s first home video game system and Pong – a huge success of Atari which was the best-selling during winter season. Pong quickly became a huge hit and its success led to the start of the modern video game industry as we know of today (Michael, 2005). The Golden Era of Video Games was a time of great technical breakthroughs and game design creativities in arcade games. Video arcade games were designed in a wide variety of genres. This era also saw the rapid spread of video arcades and game rooms across North America, Europe and Japan. Today’s video games transform to be complex and graphically realistic. They are not just the childish stuffs anymore, with more game-playing adults among their intended audience. With strong configuration, nice graphics and interesting gameplay, the evolution of gameplay devices including Playstation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii will lead the game industry to a new generation of video games. Overview of game industry Every year, the game industry brings lots of profit to the national economy. Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) predicted that the game industry would continuously grow in the coming years; focusing on revenues to increase from $31. 6 billion to $48. 9 billion USD between 2007 and 2011 (Scanlon, 2007). In the line with the â€Å"Product Life Cycle Curve† the game industry is currently at its mature stage in developed country and growth phase in developing country, as a result, many companies have to establish marketing plans to adapt to the developed but competitive international market (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2009). Moreover, the income does not only come from the game selling, it also comes from the technology advancement such as sound cards, graphic cards, some software like applications, update features and websites. Writing software is such a great way to make money, a good writer can sell hundreds of thousands copy for each of their popular games. In general, the development of game industry is totally dominating the market, successful in leading other involved segments to prosperity. Throughout history, many game companies were born and made a huge influence in the industry. Nowadays, there are three well-known game companies dominating the game industry: Sony with the PS3, Nintendo with the Wii console and Microsoft with a variety of range in computer devices and Xbox 360. Each year they all establish popular games and bring back billion dollars for game selling and game devices (ESA, 2008). They have different methods in creating their own games and applications, which enables them to hold separated market share in different segments. However, there is a change in relationship between game companies. Instead of competing in every field and genre of games, they are moving to cooperate with each other in order to fully dominate the market from other small game companies. Benefits of playing video games Establishing connections. Nowadays, video games players around the world, especially coupled gamers, may feel more reasonable to enjoy their hobbies because the playing activities can build up their relationship effectively. This benefit is more believable when a research conducted by Stony Brook University proves that there are two crucial key factors which affect the success of a relationship: the promotion of the other partner’s success and nurture an interesting life together (Daniel, 2010). During the playing process, they have many opportunities to share exciting experiences and increase trust. Therefore, after an exciting activity, the connection between two people is formed. The feeling of sharing achievement at the end is really valuable for building or maintaining a relationship. Additionally, video games also help people to support relationship in some other cases. For instance, in marriage, men sometimes get bored with their wives very quickly. Thus, women have to find some way to prevent external effects from their husbands. One recommendation is bought him a Xbox 360 or PS3 to at least keep him at home with her (Smith, 2009). IQ Increase The cognitive effects of playing video games are not only surprising but also last some years. However, there are some people who cast doubt on these benefits of that activity. In spite of that, they may change their mind after reading a research which was conducted by Ray Perez, program officer for the Office of Naval Research’s warfighter performance department (Stephen, 2010). â€Å"We have discovered that video game players perform 10 to 20 percent higher in terms of perceptual and cognitive ability than normal people that are non-game players†, he said. Perez also stated â€Å"we know that video games can increase perceptual abilities and short-term memory†. For examples, Minesweeper is one of the most favorite intelligent games for many people. We usually play it in our spare time for two purposes: spend time to relax and practice our brains. While playing that game, the ability to concentrate and memorize will be strengthened. In addition, psychologists have found out that after eight weeks playing some kinds of games which are especially designed for gamers to totally use their thinking to play, there will be a dramatic increase in IQ. To be more specific, scientists studied 600 children who played an online game called â€Å"Junglememory†. As a result, their abilities to solve mathematical and verbal problems are amazingly improved and their IQ scores also rise by 10 after the research (Skeptics, 2012). Education Some games could bring to gamers a lot of educational skills. For example, most detective games and puzzle games require an ability to remember and think critically. The Federation of American Scientist reveal that student absorb up to 90% info when taught using simulations compare with 10% via reading (Forbes, 2012). Moreover, teamwork and leader skill maybe built and improved through some kind of games according to Ian Bogost, associate professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and founder of software maker Persuasive Games. â€Å"Look at ‘World of Warcraft’: You’ve got 11-year-olds who are learning to delegate responsibility, promote teamwork and steer groups of people toward a common goal. † he said (ABC News, 2011). Not only remember and teamwork skill, the most apparent benefit that this type of entertainment could bring to student is faster response. Famous game brand names in World Cyber Game tournament (WCB) Counter Strike, Dota, Call of Duty and FIFA provide an environment to improve and practice response seed and timing ability. Building relationship In some way, games play an essential point in supporting society and building multi-level relationship. Instantly, people from far distance place will know and get access thanks to many games on Facebook. If someone does not want to communicate with strange people, he can set up a team with someone he knows in teamwork games such as League of Legend, Tactic games. By that way, children, team, and even adults have opportunities to share understanding and feeling with each other in such a convenient and relax environment. Parents and their children also get a lot of benefits from game industry. According to the ESA, 45 percent of parents played computer video games with their children at least once a week. This number had increased from 36 percent in 2007 (ESA, 2008). Following the world mainstream, parents pay many time in enjoying comedy or educational games like Neighbour From Hell or Worm Book. An another research show that 97 per cent of teens aged 12-17 play video games, and that their gaming activity had become an essential part of their social experience (Kate, 2008). Moreover, the study which was released last in 2008 also found out that 52 per cent of teenagers played games in which they considered moral and ethical issues; 43 per cent played games in which they made decisions about the way a community, city or nation should be drive; and 40 per cent played games in which they learned about a social issue. As the result, the significant high rate of social game may bring us optimistic consideration in the benefit of video game in our world. Drawbacks of Playing Video Games Violence exposure Another effect of video game is that it makes people commit violent behavior. Although there is not enough statistical evidence to find out if violent video game is the reason for major crimes such as murder or robbery, many researches have stated that playing too much brutal games with an enormous amount of time can affect our psychological state, thus influencing our actions. This could be true for people with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). ASPD is a mental health condition in which a person has a pervasive pattern of disregard for, exploiting or violating the rights of others. This disorder begins in early time of ones life and may continue when a human is grown up. Individual high in hostility tends to be more offensive after playing violent video games while another one low in hostility is less likely to be (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh, 2004). In the book Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Violent Video Games by Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson (2008), they concluded that people who played mature-rated games had a higher chance of aggressive actions, such as getting into a fight, bullying, damaging school’s properties, than those didn’t play any games of that kind . Nowadays, there is not a completely reliable research that defines the link between violent video games and major crimes. However, many criminal incidents connected to video games happen every year. In May 2010, French gamer Julien Barreaux hunted and stabbed a fellow player to death who had slashed Barreaux on the game Counter-Strike with a virtual knife. Alexiane Potel, the judge at his trial called him a menace to society† (Lilian Juliet, 2001). Addiction In addition, another possible downside of video games is that they may make people become addicted to them. Extreme overuse of video games can manipulate our lives and we would care about nothing but spending a lot of hours playing them. Professor Mark Griffiths, of Nottingham Trent University, revealed the results of a survey of 7,000 online gamers in a British Science Museum lecture with 12% of the majority have sign of addiction (BBC News, 2006). A person who spends an excessive amount on gaming environment may lack their skill of communication. They neglect to go outside and take part in social activities. However, if a meeting among fellow gamers is going to take place, they definitely do not want to miss that party. This maybe because they just want to talk with people with the same interests, especially the ones who share the mutual kind of games they play. Video games addiction also causes health problems. If a person is totally addicted to video games, he/she would not consider sleeping or even eating. On a long run, this causes the muscles to work less and may lead to obesity (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). There have been many deaths because of game addiction. On July 15, Chuang, a Taiwanese teenager was dead because of playing Diablo III 40 hours straight. The report said that Chuang could stand only a few minutes when he woke up and then collapsed . The reason of his death is cardiovascular, which involves a heart or blood vessels (The Australian, 2012). Physiological Effect. Some researchers believe that playing electronic game can lead to the increase in heart rates of inexperienced gamers (Zain A Sobani, Ali Pervaiz, Mohsin Yakub, Ali Khawaja, Rehmatullah Khan, 2011). The reason is that they have no experience in playing video games; when they play, they feel like they are the characters in that game and their heart rates will increase when those characters face the problem, for example. Moreover, a person who really addicts to the video games will play it without having meals and sleeping, so the consequence is that he will lose consciousness and his health will become worse. Furthermore, some doctors believe that there are harmful rays leaving out of the screen. They are extremely harmful because they directly damage the gamers eyes. This is the reason why there is an increase in the number of people from younger generation who become short-sighted. Another bad effect causing by playing video games is arthritis. Gamers spend a long time sitting on chair, so they will be inactive. Because they only use their brain, eyes and hands, other parts of their body do not operated. In long term, it will cause the inflammation of the joints. Unreal World Syndrome Playing video games can create the gender bias (Flew Humphreysl, 2005). As people know, in lots of games, the main characters always look like heroes; the male is very tall, handsome, has big muscle and the female has the soft white skin, a beautiful outlook. Gamers, especially the younger, they think that those characters are the standard of them, so they try to live in an imaginary world. In that world, girls are objectives for boys and men to rescue. Therefore, boys usually try to prove themselves for the girls such as the heroes. This case cause extremely serious violence in school environment (Hazler Carney, 2000). All of those will lead to the stereotypes in the perception of gamers. They only see the world in video games is their ideal world. Some reports showed that they often apply the way to solve problems or troubles to the reality. As a result, changing manners happens silently and automatically. They may no longer respect their parents and teachers and may even think that those people are their enemies. Conclusion. On the bright aspect, videos games are able to help players improve dexterity, build relationships and acquire high concentration, multitasking and quick response and numerate abilities. Moreover, educators effectively use video games for educational orientation, military or medical treatment in relieving pain or stress. In addition, game industry has been proliferating stronger than ever. This young and auspicious field has contributed prodigiously to the development of the many economies. On the downside, video games can somehow cause addiction, violent behavior or even lacking social and communicational skills. Modern video games with 3D graphic, intricacy, online playing and continuously updated objectives are sources of appeals that grasp players’ attention and they cannot get their eyes off the screen. Nevertheless, the games themselves do not account for the addiction and bad effects caused to the players. People should play responsibly to get benefits from video games. Time spent on video games should be learning time besides entertaining, not a waste. There should be a balance between playing games and attending outdoor activities. Nonetheless, not all children are able to be aware that playing too much video games is a threat. They incline to keeping playing because they find games fascinating. In such situations, in lieu of thwarting their kids from playing games, parents should control and give them directions. Besides, using video games in education should be encouraged more. Educators, especially teachers, should have an open-minded attitude towards this concept. Family and school should collaborate to help children yield the most out of video games. Games producers are too involved in making educational products. References ABC News. (2011, December 26). The benefits of video games. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. com/blogs/technology/2011/12/the-benefits-of-video-games/ BBC News. (2006, November 26). Online gamers addicted say study. Retrieved from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/6193462. stm BMI Gaming. (2002). Computer games timeline and milestones. Retrieved from http://www. bmigaming. com/videogamehistory. htm Daniel, D. (2010, May 5). Video games may improve relationships. Retrieved from http://www. examiner.com/article/video-games-may-improve-relationships Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2009). International Business: Environments nd Operations (12th ed. ). N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. ESA. (2008). Essential Facts About The Computer and Video Game Industry 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from Entertainment Software Association: http://www. theesa. com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2008. pdf Flew, T. , Humphreys, S. (2005), Games: Technology, Industry and Culture. Oxford University Press Forbes. (2012, March 22). The Social benefits of video games. Retrieved from http://www.forbes. com/sites/insertcoin/2012/03/22/the-social-benefits-of-video-games/ Gentile, D. A. , Lynch, P, J. , Linder, J. R. , Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27(5-22) Hazler, R. J. , Carney, J. V. (2000). When victims turn aggressor: Factor in the development of deadly school violence. Professional School Counseling, 4(2), 105-112 Kate, S. (2008, September 25). Video games social, not violent, study finds. Retrieved from http://www. news. com.au/technology/video-games-social-not-violent-study-finds/story-e6frfro0-1111117579541 Kutner, L. , Olson, C. K. (2009). Grand theft childhood: the surprising truth about violent video games and what parents can do. New York: Simon and Schuster. Lilian, B. , Juliet, V. E. (2001). Video games and real life aggression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29 Mayo Clinic staff. (2011, April 2). Children and TV: Limiting your childs screen time. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/children-and-tv/MY00522 Michael, M. (2005, April 1). A history of home video game consoles.

Effect of Music on the Level of Happiness

Effect of Music on the Level of Happiness ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the role of music in increasing the level of happiness of college students. The convenient sample comprised of 120 (sixty men and 60 women) undergraduate students from G.C University, Lahore. Their age range was 17 23 years (M = 20.38, SE =0.11). This study used a 2(Gender) X 3(Music) X 2(Phase X S) mixed factorial design, with gender and type of music as between-subject factors and phase as repeated measures factor. Type of music had three levels, viz., classical, popular and mystical and phase was divided into pre- and posttest measures. After taking informed consent, participants were randomly assigned to the three conditions. Each participant was assigned a computer and was provided with a set of headphones through which they heard the specific kind of music. The Depression Happiness Scale (Joseph and Louis, 1993) scale was administered once before and then after the participants listened to the music. The results of (2 X 3 X 2) mixe d factorial Analysis of Variance and post-hoc Tukey tests revealed that popular music had significantly increased the level of happiness of college students, unlike classical and mystical music. No gender differences were found. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis examines the enhancing effects of music on happiness. Music is the purest form of art. It can be said that it has an impact on almost everyone. Certain pieces of music have a relaxing effect, while others stimulate us to act, and some cause change in or emphasize our mood. This work specifically investigates if listening to different kinds of music can increase the level of happiness or not. 1.1 Defining Music The word music basically comes from the Greek word mousike meaning art of the muses. Technically, all sounds are the result of atmospheric vibrations; however, unlike mere sounds and noises, music consists of a set of sounds with particular frequencies, amplitudes, and timbres which are organized into highly predictable patterns. The Social and Cultural meanings by people turn these sounds into music (Smith, 1989). Culture and social context is very important while defining some construct (Matsumoto Juang, 2008). Thus, the definition of music varies according to culture and social context. The artists may view music as a performing art, a fine art, and an auditory art. According to J. P. F. Richter, Music is the poetry of the air.William Shakespeare called music the food of love, (Galwitz, 2001). Humanistic psychologists view music as a means of self fulfillment, integration and self actualization. For existentialists it is another department of choice and freedom. Music in any form has a universal appeal, like an international language, it is understood and spoken everywhere, and its charm and penetrating power cannot be denied (Malik, 1983). Components of Music Music consists of particular frequencies, amplitudes, and timbres etc which are organized into patterns. (North, Hargreaves Hargreaves, 2004).The components of music are, Musical note is a single sound of definite pitch and duration which can be identified in writing. Rhythm, is the arrangement of sounds in time, this arrangement is a complex arrangement of notes into a mixture of short and long durations within a single bar or a series of bars. Regular pulse groupings are called bars or measures. Rhythm is one of the most central features of many styles of music, especially jazz and hip-hop (Lerdahl Jackendoff, 1983). A Scale is a progression of notes in an ascending or descending order. Melody or tune assembles a series of notes into recognizable musical shapes. The notes of a melody are created with respect to pitch systems such as scales. A melody usually though not necessarily possesses rhythm. The rhythm of a melody is often based on the tones of language, the physical rhythms of dance or just periodic beatings (Narveson, 1984). The beat of a piece of music is its regular pulse, determined by the bar lines by which music are metrically determined. Pitch, is the height or depth of a note in relation to other notes or in relation to an absolute pitch. The absolute pitch has internationally been set at A=400 Hz that is, the A above the middle c has a frequency of 440 cycles or vibrations per second. Pitch is determined by the sounds frequency of vibration. The process of assigning note names to pitches is called tuning. The difference in frequency between two pitches is called an interval. The interval indicates either the doubling or halving of the base frequency (Machlis Kristine, 2007). Harmony is the study of vertical sonorities in music. A vertical sonority refers to considering the relationship between pitches that are together. Harmony can also be implied by melodies that outline a harmonic structure. Larger structures involving multiple pitches are called a chord (Darmschroder Williams, 1990). Harmony in music can be analyzed through Roman numeral system. A system of chord symbols is used in popular and jazz music (Friberg, 1991). Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music .It is described as the number of parts or lines and their relationship. The perceived texture of a musical piece can be affected by the interval between each musical line, the timbre of instruments or the number of instruments used. Monophony, homophony and polyphone include musical textures. Monophony is the texture of a melody. The texture of homophony is achieved when a melody is accompanied by chords. The melody in homophony is usually voiced in high notes. Polyphony consists of several simultaneous melodies of equal importance (Temperly, 2001). Form, is a feature of musical theory that explores the concept of musical syntax, on a local and global level. The syntax is often explained in terms of phrases and periods or sections or genre respectively (Juslin Laukka, 2004). 1.1.2 Types of Music Different types of music help in soothing ones disturbed soul and cheer us up. There are various types of music i.e., classical music, rock, hip-hop, folk, opera, mystical etc. Classical music is a complex form of music as it requires high musical skills like learning the ragas and ability to coordinate with other musicians .The one who wants to learn, he/she has to go through proper training in this field of music (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Classical music is different from other types due to its instruments and form. Classical music can be described as of having two kinds, western classical music and eastern classical music. The central norms of western classical music were codified from 1750 to 1820, which is known as the classical period. The major instruments used in western classical music include, the piano, harpsichord, the organ and bagpipes. Western Classical music is also capable of taking on different forms such as, concerto, symphony, sonata, opera, dance music, suite, etude, symphonic poem etc. The composing of classical music aims to instill the music with a complex relationship between the emotional and the intellectual aspects. Classical musicians get extensive training and schooling to attain technical mastery before performing classical music. They understand the principles, and gain the knowledge that is essential for the performance of classical music (Grout et al, 1996). The origin of eastern classical Music was from, the Hindu traditions. The oldest of the scriptures and the Vedas describe music at length. The major instruments used include, the tabla, sitar, sarood, pakhawaj, tanpura, tambura, swarmandal, bansuri and sarangi. The eastern classical music is basically monophonic, and is arranged around a single melody line. The composition based on a particular raga, begins with the performers coming out in a ritualized order, first the drone instruments, then the soloist, then accompanists and percussionists. The musicians first tune their instrument. The tambura is played at a steady tone throughout the raga, by a student of the soloist. The raga begins with the melody being developed gradually. The beginning of the raga is called an alap. Once the raga is established, the ornamentation begins to become rhythmical, which gradually speeds up. This section is the jor. After the jor reaches its climax, everything stops and then finally the percussioni st begins to play while interacting with the soloist. Beginning from India, the classical music tradition has extended towards Pakistan and also Afghanistan. The major vocal forms of eastern classical music include, Dhurpad, which is a style of singing, is accompanied by tempura and pakhawaj. The lyrics are heroic in theme, or otherwise in a praising tone. The, Ghazal originally being Persian in form, exists in multiple variations. The Khayal is an informal form of vocal music. It is partially Improvised and emotional in nature. The Tarana, are songs that are used to convey a mood of elation. They have a few lyrics and are mostly composed of rhythmic sounds. Thumri is an accessible and informal vocal form. The lyrics are typically in a language called braj bhasha, and are usually romantic. The system of notation called sargam holds a very important place in classical music of the east. For eastern classical music, the expertise of voice, rather than the instruments is emphasized (Patnaik, 2006). Popular Music is music belonging to any number of musical styles that are widely popular. It covers mainstream music that does not falls into any specialized style such as jazz or hip hop. Popular music essentially includes the use of instruments such as guitar, violin, fiddle, piano, bass and drums. In these types of music, the bass guitar is an important instrument. This can be used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger, pride and others. As compared to classical music, popular music does not require expertise. Many people play popular music together with their friends, on a casual amateur basis. The roots of the music are found in African American and West African music (Moore, 2004). Mystical music is an outburst of the soul. It comprises of spacious, contemplative, heartfelt, trance inducing and psychedelic sounds. It is a mix of entrancing drones, structures, and rhythms. Mystic music is different from classical music in terms of its lyrical content. The sole theme of Mystical music is of building a connection with God. The singer addresses God as his beloved and tries to gain his acceptance Mystical music makes one explore a kind of rich sound experience that lifts and awakens one above normal consciousness. It is relaxing. Mystic music fulfills the purpose of music which is to help us contact the spiritual dimensions of life and reveal the secret to us and to, keep the spirit alive (Nasr, 1997). An important feature of Pakistani mystical music is the interchanging of gender of the singer. 1.1.3 Effects of Music Music holds a very significant position in our lives since the beginning. From the early beginning to the present day, interest in music with reference to healing and therapeutic experience has sustained (Bartlett, 1996). Researchers have found that about two-thirds of the inner ears cilia resonate only at the higher frequencies that are commonly found in music (3,000 20,000 Hz). This seems to indicate that primitive humans communicated primarily through song or tone. There are references to the divine alliance of music and medicine in classical antiquity and the healing function among primitive people (Schullian Schoen, 1948). Recent work on music has confirmed the effectiveness of music too. Music has been found to be capable of triggering Endorphins in the human body, which help the mind in creating sound images, thus making it possible for people to escape into painless worlds sheltered by their imaginations. Music can regularize or disturb the heart beat or relax or tense the nerves; it is also able to affect digestion, respiration and blood pressure (Tame, 1984). Ansdell (1995) suggested that music could act as a powerful tool with neuro-disability. In many instances it has been found that people with brain related problems were able to function in better ways while being exposed to music (Bunt Hoskyns, 2002). Mc Carty (1999) described how music could reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions in healthy as well as clinically ill Music can decrease pain and depression while increasing mood and self esteem. A study indicated that tempo affected arousal, while mode of the music affected the mood (Husain, Thompson Schelenburg, 2002). Wellness is a product of healthy body, mind, spirit interactions, and, as a result music can be an important asset in creating the appropriate environment for persons healing (Stewart, 1990). Musics appeal to us is primarily emotional and psychological. Music has been noted for its ability to enhance peoples moods, move them to tears, make them want to rejoice or just move them emotionally in both negative and positive ways (Goldstein, 1980). Radocy and Boyle (1979) suggested eight kinds of affective responses to music. Some are related to an innate sensory perception of the sound whereas; others are related to images, experiences and emotional context of the experiences. These responses may include simple, negative and positive feelings, and moral or religious temperaments. Thus, music is often capable of helping people in dealing with the issues which they have not dealt with earlier in their lives. (Bright, 1993; Levine, 1999; Ortiz, 1997). According to Stewart (1990) music can act as an affective therapeutic agent under the right circumstances. Music can be helpful to us in initiating psychological movement by altering our mental states and leading us towards more positive affirmations (Blaking, 1990). Menuhin (1972) revealed further that music can bring order out of chaos, because rhythm makes the divergent unanimous, melody turns the disjointed into continuous, and harmony is capable of imposing compatibility among the incongruous. Sloboda (1989), states that, most of us take part in musical activities because it can arouse deep and significant emotions in us. The music itself cannot have extra musical meaning unless the experience to which it refers already exists in the mind of the listener. When music is similar to the connections with human life, then people experience intense emotions. Particular kinds of music are capable of moving painful memories or the unresolved problem in life. Storr (1990) believes that apart from the relations between seeing an emotional arousal, the relation between hearing and emotional arousal is stronger. Campbell Angus (1976), in a study observed that when people communicate with the emotional centers of our being through the use of music; we become better able to reduce stress and achieve a sense of well-being. Diamond (1979) suggests that music can be used as an important part of primary preventative health care at a psychosocial level. It has been reported that music is an activity which the healthy, impaired, talented and interested enjoy, because it provides them with a relief from their stress, anxiety (Blacking, 1995). Music if combined with personal attention and, can provide satisfaction and restore a sense of value to people who may be feeling depressed or low in self-esteem (Crystal, Grober Masur, 1989). In view of Hallan Price (1998), calming music led to better participant performance on arithmetic and memory tasks. Music can line up patterns of emotions, structures of consciousness and / or psychic energy (Stewart, 1990). Thus, music has great influences on a listener. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things. Depending on the type of music and the inner message it has, music can influence a person and his/her actions (Cassidy Byo, 2008). Happiness In this older sense, Happiness was used to translate the Greek Eudemonia. There has been a surge of interest in Positive Psychology during the last quarter of this century. There has been a huge amount of interest and research on happiness, well-being and satisfaction among all positive fields (Diener Diener, 1995). The term happiness is synonymous to subjective well- being (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Happiness can be defined as a feeling about yourself and the outside world. It is born from the internal workings of our own minds (Diener et all, 1997). Yew-Kwan Ng and Siang Ng (2000), define happiness as a complete state of mental health. They have defined emotional happiness as the presence of positive affect and life satisfaction with the absence of negative affect. It is a positive emotional state that is defined by every person on a subjective level. Diener, Scolon Lueas (2003) define Happiness as an overall appraisal of life, where the good and the bad are balanced. According to one of the founders of positive psychology, Seligman (2002), happiness consists of positive emotions and positive activities, emotions can be categorized as they are related to the past, present and future. Positive emotions concerning the past include satisfaction, contentment, pride and serenity whereas, positive emotions that are associated with the future include optimism, hope and trust. Veenhoven (1997) has defined happiness or subjective well-being as the degree to which one judges the quality of his life favorably. According to Schwartz Strack (1999), even very minor incidents in life can affect the level of happiness; however, Kahneman Schkade (1998), state that external circumstances are have little effect on happiness or subjective well- being. Theories of happiness The basic theories of happiness have been divided into two types, Top down theory Bottom up theory Bottom-Up Theory: Happiness and satisfaction depend on the sum of many smaller pleasures and happy moments (Diener Scwartz, 1984). In the perspective, of the bottom-up theory, well- being or happiness is a summing up of the positive experiences in a persons life. The assessment of satisfaction is considered in a small number of lifes domains. According to this theory, people self-rate their subjective well being with the help of a variety of external circumstances. The frequency of the pleasant moments makes a person happier. These circumstances may include the level of ones marriage, income work and family etc (Linley, Joseph Seligman, 2004). In this view, the objective life experiences, postulate the overall happiness. Top-Down Theory: The other perspective assumes that happiness is more related to general tendency to assess and infer to experiences in a positive way. From this point of view, a person brings tendencies of positivity towards the situations that he encounters. This view to subjective well being is known as top-down theory. This approach is mostly considered by observing personality traits or attitudes (Linley, Joseph Seligman, 2004). This theory states that people, who are over all satisfied with life, are satisfied with everything. People possess a disposition to judge lifes experiences in negative of positive ways. There are also other models of happiness which include, Need/goal satisfaction model, Process/activity model, Genetic/personality predisposition models. Psychoanalytic and humanistic theorists believe that reduction in tension and satisfaction of needs lead to the achievement of happiness. It was theorized that people were happy as they had achieved their goals (Compton, 2005). Emmons Diener (1986) has also emphasized how pursuing goals generates happiness. According to the process/activity theorists, participating in activities generates happiness. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposed that people who indulge in interesting and challenging activities, and experience the feelings of flow, as a result, are happier. The genetic/personality theorists view happiness as a stable construct. A Research by Costa and McCrae (1986) suggested that happiness is based on personality and genetics. Similarly, Lucas (1996) also found in a research that personality traits were closely related to happiness. Most of recent researches agree with idea of happiness being a combination of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being. Correlates of Happiness Individual differences in the levels of happiness have their significance, but studies have shown that predictors of happiness can be indicated and generalized. Evidence has been found that environmental factors and happiness can be correlated. However, it was also found that demographic variables, together account for less than 20% variance in happiness or subjective well- being (Campbell et al., 1976). A study by (Suhail Chaudary, 2003) found that work satisfaction, social support, religious affiliation, social class, income level, and marital status and marital satisfaction can be the predictors of happiness. Marital status and satisfaction: It has been found that marriage and happiness correlate significantly. Diener, Suh, Lucas, Smith (1999), found that unmarried people who cohabit with their partners are significantly happier in a few cultures. Research has shown that married people are happier as compared to unmarried, divorced, separated or widowed people. Shields Wooden (2003) found that married women and men were consistently happier than unmarried men and women. Finances: Financial status is related to happiness; however with an increase the effect diminishes (Diener, Diener Carol, 1995). Veenhoven (1994), stated that People of third world countries relate their happiness more to wealth. Evidence shows that relationship between happiness and wealth depends on the value that one associates with money (Burroughs, James Rindflisch, 2002). 3) Health: Physical health is strongly related to levels of happiness. If one is physically healthy he/she would have higher levels of happiness as compared to a person who is sick. Ryan Deci (2001) found that perceptions of health have more effect on happiness than objective health. If one is healthy (physically), then one experiences a feeling of well- being (Feist, Bodner, Jacobs, Miles Tan, 1995). According to physicians, Brief, Butcher, George Link (1993) a strong correlation exists between happiness and health. 4) Gender: women have been generally found to report higher levels of subjective well- being or happiness. Fujita, Diener Sandvick (1991) reported that women showed greater capacity for joy. Similarly, in a study by Wood, Rhodes Whelan (1989), it was found that women report slightly higher levels of happiness. However, Shayam and Yadev (2006) found that elderly men scored higher on well-being as compared to elderly women. In a study by Pennebaker, Rime Blankenship (1996), women expressed more intense emotions then men. Women also rated themselves as more verbally expressive than men. 5) Education: education does affect the happiness of people positively. Layard (2005), found that education is capable of increasing happiness indirectly, as it effects the ability to earn. Education has greater affect on the happiness levels of people with lower incomes (Campbell et al, 1976).Education appears to have only small direct influence on happiness. Life Events: Peak experiences have been found to be due to religion music or other intense activities. Diener Lucas (1999), state that subjective well-being correlates with friendship activities, having frequency of occurrence. The number of positive events correlates with positive affect (Schimmack, Diener Oishi 2002). Heady Wearing (1989) found that areas of friendship and work, increase happiness. 7) Culture: Diener Suh (1999) found that some nations appear to be more emotional than other nations. It was also found that happiness varies with interpersonal trust of people (Diener Suh, 2000). It was found that people in individualistic cultures had higher subjective well-being as compared to collectivistic cultures (Ball, 2001). 8) Religion: Many researches support that people who are religious tend to be happier. Studies have found that engagement in religious activities is significantly related to higher well-being (Donahue Benson, 1995). Peacock and Poloma (1999) found that ones perceived closeness to God was a very strong predictor of happiness. 1.3 Literature Review Immense research has been done to investigate the effects of music on physical as well as mental health. Researches have found that music has made positive influences on the physiological, psychological and the social domains. In a study, Fratianne, Prensner, Huston, Super, Yowler Standley (2001), conducted a study on patients at a burn care centre and found that the group which received the music therapy intervention, reported significant reduction in pain, compared to the groups having no music therapy. This conformed that music therapy is a valuable non-invasive intervention for the treatment of pain after burn injury. Nering (2002), in an experimental study investigated the effect of piano and music instruction on intelligence of monozygotic twins. Post-tests on the Wechsler standardized intelligence tests indicated that, that music instruction through individual piano lessons increased intelligence. Weinberger Norman (1998) conducted research to investigate if music is capable of improving brain development. They found that music not only improves our brain development, it even enhances skills like reading and mathematics. Music promotes social development, self -worth, personality adjustment, and also enhances creativity. It was also found that music making provides the most all-embracing exercise for brain cells and the synaptic interconnections. A study on the effect of music therapy in treatment of social isolation in visually impaired children was conducted. It discussed how that music therapy can be helpful in making the child explore his environment, and modify stereotypic, autistic-like behaviours, and encourage social awareness and interaction with other children. The results indicated that Music evokes profound responses without the help of words and therefore, can reach children with the severest disabilities (Gourgey, 1998). In another experimental study on the effect of music, Hallman, Price, and Katsarou (2002), found that calming music led to better participant performance on an arithmetic task and a memory task than no music. It was also found that background music on cognitive test performance led to improved performance when compared with a control condition (Cockerton, Tracey, Moore, Simon, Norman Dale, 1997). A study by Rideout Taylor (1997), involved 16 female and 16 male undergraduates, who completed two equivalent spatial tests, Results indicated that exposure to classical music, given to undergraduate students caused a small but significant improvement in spatial tests. In a study entitled, Music therapy for adolescents, Tervo (2001), suggested that music makes adolescents become expressive, be in contact with and share among themselves feelings of anger, rage, grief, longing and psychological disintegration. It provides opportunities to feel closeness or isolation and to explore sexual fantasies and feelings. Standley Hughes (1997) evaluated the effects of music sessions which were designed to enhance pre-reading and writing skills of 24 children (aged 4-5 yrs). The children were enrolled in Early Intervention and Exceptional Student Education (ESE) programs. The music treatment was provided along with the regular prekindergarten course. Pre and post-tests revealed that music significantly improved print concepts and prewriting skills of the children. A study by Chalmers, Olson Zurkowski (1999) examined the effect of music on lunchroom noise level and on the behaviours of children requiring intervention. The playing of classical music indicated that the noise level dropped to an average of six decibels, whereas, upon playing popular music the noise level decreased by ten decibels. In both conditions, music was capable of decreasing behavioral interventions. Covington (2001) stated that, many patients with psychiatric disorders struggle with poor skills in coping, socialization, communication, and self-expression which leads to dysfunctional cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses. It was found that therapeutic music offers a noninvasive approach which helps in strengthening the skills and effect behavior change. Ming (2002) explored the Anxiety, Depression and self- esteem of undergraduates. The study examined the effects of music therapy on anxiety, depression and self-esteem of undergraduates. Twenty-four undergraduates showing greater anxiety and depression with lower self-esteem were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was provided twenty hours of music therapy, unlike the control group which did not receive any treatment. Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that the experimental group showed a reduction in anxiety immediately after the music therapy, the group expressed that they experienced more positive changes, including more pleasure, relaxation, and confidence, and less negative emotions. Chlan Linda (1998) investigated the effectiveness of a music therapy intervention on relaxation and anxiety for patients receiving ventilatory assistance. They used mystical music as music therapy. Mystical music therapy was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety and promoting relaxation. Decrease in heart and respiratory rate was also found. In another research, Smith and Noon (1998) investigated mood change induced by contemporary music. When analysis was done, it was found that all the pieces of music produced an overall change in mood. Popular/independent music produced highly significant changes. Ostertag (2002), in his article on music therapy with abused children stated that music therapy can play a very important part in the change process of abused children, specially while addressing emotional and relationship issues which are difficult to address using the cognitive or behavioural treatment models. Hendricks (2001), in his study on the use of music therapy techniques in a group for the treatment of adolescent depression, stated that one in five adolescents is effected by depression, which results in substance abuse, anorexia nervosa, poor academic performance and adolescent pregnancy. He investigated the use of music in a school setting for the treatment of adolescent depression. The pre and post test scores showed that the use of music therapy techniques positively correlated with reduced depression increased self-concept in the participants. In a study, Labbà ©, Schmidt, Babin Pharr (2007), conducted a study using a sample of 15 males and 41 female college students. They were exposed to classical and relaxing music after experiencing a stressful test. It was found that listening to classical and relaxing music after exposure to a stressor resulted in significant reductions in anxiety, anger, and sympathetic nervous system arousal, and increase in relaxation when compared to listening to heavy metal music or sitting in silence. In a study titled, An experience sampling study of emotional reactions to music: Listener, music, and situation, Juslin, Liljestrà ¶m, Và ¤stfjà ¤ll, Barradas, Silva (2008), investigated the prevalence of different musical emotions and how such emotions are related to various factors in th

Character Sketch of Bassanio Essay

Bassanio’s character is more fully drawn than Antonio’s, but it does not possess the powerful individuality that Shakespeare gives to his portraits of Portia and Shylock. First off, when one begins considering Bassanio, one should dismiss all the critics who condemn him for his financial habits. Bassanio’s request to Antonio for more money is perfectly natural for him. He is young; he is in love; and he is, by nature, impulsive and romantic. Young men in love have often gone into debt; thus Bassanio has always borrowed money and, furthermore, no moral stigma should be involved. Shakespeare needs just such a character in this play for his plot. If Bassanio is not a powerful hero, he is certainly a sympathetic one. First, he has some of the most memorable verse in the play — language which has music, richness, and dignity. Second, he shows us his immediate, uncalculated generosity and love; this is especially obvious when Bassanio, who has just won Portia, receives the letter telling him of Antonio’s danger. Bassanio is immediately and extremely concerned over the fate of Antonio and is anxious to do whatever is possible for his friend. Here, the situation is melodramatic and calls for a romantic, seemingly impossible, rescue mission. When at last Bassanio and Portia are reunited, he speaks forthrightly and truthfully to her. He refuses to implicate Antonio, even though it was at Antonio’s urging that he gave away his wedding ring to the judge who cleverly saved Antonio’s life: â€Å"If you did know,† he tells Portia, â€Å"for what I gave the ring / And how unwillingly I left the ring . . . You would abate the strength of your displeasure. † No matter how powerful the circumstances, he admits that he was wrong to part with the ring because he had given his oath to Portia to keep it. As the play ends, Bassanio’s impetuous nature is once more stage-center. Speaking to his wife, he vows: â€Å"Portia, forgive me this enforced wrong; . . . and by my soul I swear / I never more will break an oath with thee. † Of course, he will; this, however, is part of Bassanio’s charm. He means it with all his heart when he swears to Portia, but when the next opportunity arises and he is called on to rashly undertake some adventure full of dash and daring, he’ll be off. Portia knows this also and loves him deeply, despite this minor flaw.

Discussion-Reflections and Responses

What does Lynda Parry's comic strip suggest about children and drawing? What do they enjoy about it? Why might they suddenly stop drawing? What does Barry seem to be saying about the creative process In general? I believe that children love the Idea of drawing whatever Is on their mind. If something pops up, they could express themselves by drawing whatever It Is.Barry Is trying to say that children should draw no matter what happens. There may be times where they second guess homeless and that will have an effect on the final outcome. Children may suddenly stop drawing because they are being criticized by other students or even their teacher. Being criticized may bring them down and can have a negative feeling on them. By doing so, they will feel that art is not for them and not want to draw anymore. 2. What are the â€Å"two questions,† and how are they visualized throughout the comic strip?What does their appearance suggest about them? What is their connection to â€Å"goo d† drawings and â€Å"bad† drawings? What do you think the octopus-like creature is meant to suggest? What is the significance of the repeated phrase â€Å"don't know†? Two Questions is a comic strip about Lynda Barry and the art of cartons and drawing. This writer/artist had times of troubles that made her a better person. â€Å"Is it good,† â€Å"Does it suck,† were the two questions that were asked every time she had drawn something.Barry wanted to be a good artist, but she had her doubts about herself. She had to try and figure out the answers to her questions, but instead she shows objects and creatures that are trying to pull her down. For example, on page 66 there Is a picture of a creature that says â€Å"Man the torpedoes she's getting closer. † There are four different torpedoes that explain four different names: moron, genius, stupid, and brilliant. This signifies that she Is getting closer to the answer of these two questions. 3.C onsider â€Å"Two Questions† not as an Illustrated personal essay but as an amalgam of verbal and visual craft Intended as a unified creative process. Explain how Barry achieves this Integration of word, Image, and concept. How does she go about making drawing Inseparable from Its language? Barry achieves the Integration f everything by putting them all as one. Through word and Images a story comes about. She Illustrates what she Is felling and everything that Is on her mind. She sticks with one concept throughout the whole essay, which is drawing.The two word, image, and concept Barry came out with an meaningful essay that teaches a lesson. Peer Review What I learned from this paper is that kids like to think a lot and are also very creative when it comes drawing. I like how the author says that when she was younger she would Just make a few lines and the next thing you know she was drawing and she also says that every kid understands the concept behind that, it is something that doesn't not have to be taught to them they Just know how to draw.Kids will draw Just about anything monsters and even funny looking people. Brandon does a great Job of formulating his thoughts and answering the questions that were asked for this assignment. He referred to the text explicitly to give the reader an idea of what the â€Å"Two Questions† was about. He also mentioned the author's name at appropriate times and gave his own interpretation of the text and does a great Job of answering the questions required for this assignment.

How to Write a Great Reaction Paper

How to Write a Great Reaction Paper How to Write a Great Reaction Paper In order to write a great reaction paper, a particular order needs to be followed. For instance, one must read through the given document carefully, while noting the key points. Watching the documentary, or fully partaking part in the seminar for the reaction essay topic, is also crucial in preparation for writing a great reaction paper. Taking notes of key thoughts, during one’s participation in the reaction essay events, is also an important activity during the preparation. This is because the latter helps in the generation of several ideas from which an individual is able to choose their key points. Secondly, think of and briefly describe two key points that you want articulated in your reaction. In each key point, details like the various lessons learnt, the areas of agreement and the points with which you disagreed, need to be clearly stated. Since experts claim that a successful reaction paper is brief piece of work, the various points should be precise and clear. The third point on writing a great reaction paper is presenting a clear justification in support of the stated key points. The other step that is followed is the provision of a real life example regarding the subject of discussion, which must be clearly explained for a better understanding of it. Finally, a brief description of how the researchers point is connected to public relations is given. The bibliography entails presenting a list of various documents like books, magazines and other scholarly documents used during the research. In addition, the list of works the writer plans to consult in future can also be included in the bibliography section. Provision of research methods for a thesis is also a compulsory part of a thesis proposal. This section includes stating the various research questions to be addressed in ones findings. This section also gives details on how the stated project will be handled, in order to be completed within the stated period of time. This generally means that the plan to be followed, in order to get the work done in a shorter period, is given. In addition, the writer is supposed to convince their chosen committee that they are well prepared to conduct findings on the given topic, while providing various opportunities for the committee members. You never should forget about the custom writing services available for ordering a great custom reaction paper on any topic and discipline. The professional writers team will do all that’s possible to meet your expectations in regards to the research paper of any level. Simply place the order with an online custom writing service and, within your deadline, the paper will be sent to you. All you need to do is to select the custom agency with which you want to work. If you need quality reaction paper help visit now!

Foreign Policy Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays

Foreign Policy Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays Foreign Policy With the world balancing on the edge of destruction, foreign relationships are extremely important to the United States of America. The United States is fully recognized as the most powerful nation on the planet earth, and with that power comes a definitive sense of responsibility. The U.S. needs to pay close attention to this responsibility if it hopes to keep its place on the throne as king of the nations. This is where the United States foreign policy comes into play. Foreign policy is essentially positive or negative interaction with other nations as well as the goals and principles that are included (Morrison #1 607). The United States have a couple of choices concerning their position; they could play the part of world leader or the part of world loner. Let?s look at the viewpoint of an average college student whose knowledge of world affairs is somewhat lacking and then discuss the possible positions the United States can take in regards to their place in the world. I will also go over an example of each and get a grasp of what our government?s two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, say about these. The main purpose of every countries foreign policy is to survive and stay stable in todays world (Morrison #2 434). It is policy that provides a strong national security, keeps a good economy with other nations, and it is a chance to provide influence in the world; but above all this is the want for international peace (434). One of the main ways to conduct good foreign policy is that of diplomacy, where nations negotiate and compromise problems they might have in order to get along (434). By these diplomatic relations, countries can interact with one another and learn to work together for a better understanding of each others nations. Another method of foreign policy is that of being a loner or isolationist. Isolationism is the idea that we keep to ourselves and our own western hemisphere rather than venture into the affairs of the eastern world (Morrison #1 611). This was basically the accepted perspective taken by the United States up until about the first world war when President Woodrow Wilson decided to plunge into the war effort. Then a peacekeeping association came about called the League of Nations, which Wilson helped propose, but the United States Senate gave it a firm ?no? (608). This kept the United States in its loner state once again. Some years later the United States entered a period of awakening concerning getting out and about in the world. We journeyed into a time of Internationalism after the second world war but it was many earlier events that led up to this, particularly our interaction with Latin America. Back when the United States was just breaking away from Britain and starting as a nation, President James Monroe came up with a declaration called the Monroe Doctrine. In 1823 he wrote this, telling European nations to keep their noses in their own hemisphere (609). What Monroe didn?t know was that he was establishing a beginning to a leadership responsibility in not only the western hemisphere, but in the entire world. The United States began sticking up for nations such as Mexico and Puerto Rico, and soon got involved in various other Latin American countries. In fact, the United States got involved eight times from 1904 to 1934, then again in the affairs of Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, and the destruction of the leftist government of Brazil after the second world war (612). It was during the beginning of World War II that the United States began to get more involved. At first the United States tried to keep to itself and stay out of the fighting. But when Germany, Japan, and Italy tried to expand by force into China, Ethiopia, Poland, Austria, and present day Czech Republic, Britain and France declared war on Hitler, and the United States did nothing (611-612). It wasn?t until that fateful day of December 7 in 1941 when the United States had had enough. Pearl Harbor was attacked and Americans died, which was more than enough for us to start our trek into Internationalism and intervention. After World War II, the United States began its journey as world leader. It was now time for America to help other nations rebuild and start its hate of Communism. George Marshall, an Army General for the United States came up with the Marshall Plan, one that would

Reducing Juvenile delinquency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reducing Juvenile delinquency - Research Paper Example To reduce juvenile delinquency, considerable attention should be accorded to the adolescents in order to create a suitable environment for their influence. This paper seeks to illustrate various aspects associated with juvenile delinquency and measures taken to reduce incidences. Juvenile delinquency illustrates a violation of the law committed by a child under the legal age, which surpasses parental control, and thus is subject to legal action. Such violations of the law are not punishable by death or life imprisonment, but dwell on rehabilitating the offenders to become law-abiding citizens. Institutions such as juvenile detention centers and courts assist in dispensation of legal interventions based on specified procedures in the legal system. Furthermore, a juvenile delinquent is an under aged person who has been found guilty of a crime, and is protected by the law as a minor; hence cannot bears no responsibility for the crime (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). However, based on the na ture and seriousness of a crime, the age of criminal responsibility is reduced according to state laws, in this regard, the person cannot be tried as an adult. Negative behaviors among children and young adults contribute juvenile delinquency, which is known to cause widespread problems in society. In recent years, it is estimated that a high percentage of children and adolescents engage activities that are in violation of the law, this has contributed to drop in the average age of first arrests made among young people. This can be attributed to the common notion that juvenile offences are normative adolescent behaviors. However, repeated or chronic offenders are most likely to carry on with the trend away from adolescence and become more and more violent. At a tender age, delinquent behavior involves minor theft, but can evolve to violent acts involving the use of weapons as an individual nears the statutory age. Other delinquent behaviors include bullying, truancy, vandalism, assa ult, gangs, and sexual offences. It is for this reason that persons under the statutory age can be charged as adults depending on the severity of the crime. National statistics indicate an increase in the number of juvenile delinquency cases owing to numerous social factors within the society. Juvenile delinquency has its impacts on the victims as well as the society; damages incurred by the victim may be in the form of injury or loss of property, which results in loss productivity during that period. The victim may also incur medical expenses resulting from inflicted injuries during an attack. Psychological trauma is also common among victims and the society. Agnew suggests that when an individual is blocked from attaining a positive goal, it causes strain, which forces one to seek alternative modes of compensation (Agnew, 2005). Similarly, perpetrators of juvenile acts may experience low self-esteem and thus increase their activities to compensate for their loss. There are a numbe r of factors contributing to the heightened rates of delinquency in the society. Among the contributing factors are substance abuse, physical abuse and poverty. At a tender age, most adolescents have monetary access through allowance accorded to them as well as jobs from surrounding business premises. In this regard, drugs and alcohol can be procured with ease given the opportunity. Substance abuse impairs judgment, which may result in further violation of the

Managing Diversity in Organisations Literature review

Managing Diversity in Organisations - Literature review Example The study will try to analyze the literature on selected topic from the view point of strategic human resource management. Literature Review Taylor Cox, who is a renowned US diversity scholar, has expressed both annoyance and frustration on issues like misuse of the term diversity in the field of management. Cox (1994) has argued that, managing diversity in organization was never an American issue because in today’s world, organizations of other countries face the same challenge as American companies do when it comes to managing a diversified workforce. According to Cox (1994), non-American companies need to understand the importance of key issues associated with managing diversity such as knowledge sharing, team work, lattice communication path etc. According to Seidl and Becker (2006), organizations need to take help of guidelines or best practices suggested by other successful companies in order to maintain diversity in business place. The scholar duos have stated that the term â€Å"managing diversity† should be used in order to address complexity and cross culture perspective of business practices. Research works done by various management scholars on the topics like diversity management have influenced the researcher to write this literature review. Equality at work: Global Perspective Many companies across the globe face challenges regarding maintaining provision of equality in the workplace despite the presence of national legislative frameworks in many countries. There are evidences regarding the gender discrimination in the workplaces in many countries across the world, such examples are not good sign for management researchers and managers who are supporters of the agenda named as â€Å"managing diversity in the workplace.† According to Singh and Vinnicombe (2003), pie for women in the management position is comparatively low in comparison to male counterparts. Becker and Haunschild (2003) have pointed out that many companies ign ore the complex issues regarding managing diversity in the organization. According to recent survey, rate of termination for disabled people is twice in comparison to able-bodied people in the UK. Such examples are showing that organizations need to rethink about discriminations related to gender, race, disability, colour and nationality in order to match steps with global trend of bringing and managing diversity in the organizations. Research scholar Korabik and Abbondanza’s (2004) have stated that women are equally capable of modifying organizational policies and taking part in business policy determination. Hence, it is evident from the above discussion that managing a workforce which is diversified in terms of gender, race, physical ability, nationality and colour can help organizations not only to achieve equality but also to improve their service quality. Equal Opportunities and Managing Diversity During early 1990s, management researchers have introduced the term †Å"managing diversity† in order to define characteristics of equal opportunities (EO). Research scholars such as Jackson and Schuler’s (2003) have stated that organizations need to adopt the managing diversity strategy in order to use potential human resources available in the global marketplace. Definition of managing diversity in organization can be stated as â€Å"understanding that there are differences among employees and that